Stigma and Mental Health Service Utilization in Nigerian Psychiatric Hospitals

Abstract

Mental health challenges remain a major public health concern in Nigeria, yet psychiatric service utilization is notably low despite the availability of specialized hospitals. This study examines stigma as a critical barrier to accessing mental health services, with a focus on its sociocultural dimensions and implications for healthcare delivery. Stigma, often rooted in perceptions of mental illness as spiritual affliction, weakness, or moral failing, significantly deters individuals from seeking professional care. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research was conducted across three major psychiatric hospitals in Nigeria, involving quantitative surveys with 450 patients and caregivers, and qualitative interviews with 30 healthcare providers and community leaders. Results showed that 68% of respondents delayed or avoided psychiatric care due to fear of being labeled "mentally unstable." Women and rural residents exhibited greater reluctance due to stigma. Cultural beliefs linking mental illness to supernatural causes often led individuals to seek help from traditional healers instead of medical institutions. The study also highlights systemic challenges, including inadequate mental health education, poor integration of services into primary care, and stigmatizing attitudes among healthcare staff. However, patients exposed to psychoeducation or community support were 40% more likely to maintain engagement with psychiatric care. These findings underscore the urgent need for anti-stigma initiatives, culturally tailored education, and policy reforms to improve mental health service access. Addressing both individual and structural factors is essential for reducing the burden of untreated psychiatric conditions and enhancing overall public health in Nigeria.